Global Companies Joining Climate Change Efforts

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                             Global Companies Joining Climate Change Efforts

Global warming is a problem that is facing the world at the moment. Efforts are being made to ensure that there is a reduced damage of the environment that will lead to a reduced effect of the global calamity. Following the campaign that the united states of America’s global firms have started against the use of fossil fuel that greatly affects the environment, more and more firms are joining hands. A report carried out by the New York Times editors express that firms with multi-trillion dollar capital such as Johnson & Johnson, Procter & Gamble, Starbucks, Walmart, and Goldman Sachs have expressed their solidarity towards the campaign (Gillis and Fleur). Their reaction is a huge step towards a successful eradication of the global warming that is affecting a lot of species around the globe.

Global warming is a subject that is going around in every nation. Industrialization has greatly contributed to this menace. As firms use the fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal to run their machines, carbon dioxide is released into the air. This air rises into the atmosphere where it reacts with the ozone layer. When the ozone is depleted, a harmful ray from the sun enters the earth leading to high temperatures and other diseases such as cancer on the human skin. The high temperature also makes the ice in the glaciated world to melt. When this ice melts, the flow towards the sea leading to the rise of the sea level. Therefore, floods become usual phenomena I countries bordering the seas and oceans.

A campaign against the use of fossil fuels will be critical in fighting global warming. The campaign involves the change of industrial structure so that renewable energy such as electricity, the wind and solar energy among others comes to play. When this happens, the emission of harmful gases will be minimized. Hence, global warming will be reduced.

         

                                                     Work Cited

Gillis, Justin and Nicholas St. Fleur. "Global Companies Joining Climate Change Efforts." 23 09 2015. New York Times. 23 09 2015 <http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/science/global-companies-joining-climate-change-efforts.html>.

 

            

Labor Laws and Unions’ Activities

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                                        Labor Laws and Unions’ Activities

Do you believe the unions were right in not signing to contract? 

            In contracts, all the parties involved have to agree on the terms that have been laid. Signing signifies bonding to the terms of the contract. The unions turning down the offer indicates that the members are not contented, and so a review could be the only way out. The specific details that the union representatives disagreed upon have been stipulated. This includes subcontracting employees outside the union to carry out the tasks that can otherwise be undertaken by the full-time machinists.  It is a matter of the Boeing company management to address the specific details from their end, and come up with a final agreement, but not the union members accepting the terms they are not content with.

Do you believe that it was right for the company to start a new plant in a “right-to-work” state?

            The company has a right to establish corporate centers wherever as long as it legally does so. However, understanding the principles of right to work is important as far as the company’s welfare is concerned. Moving the plant in a “right-to-work” state was right for Boeing Company. As long as the company operates under the labor laws set to the specific state, it is just the strategy to handle the workers and their rights as far as joining or leaving a trade union is concerned.

How do you feel this will affect the future relations between the unions and the company?

            Among the major effects of rivalry between a company and workers after the resolution is victimization. However, in this case, the workers stand as a block, and that is rare in the situation. The terms of the contracts may be tailored in a way that they do not favor the machinists in the union, and thus the external contractors are awarded (Bridegam 156). This will lead to further legal activities between the company and the machinists in the union on the basis of unequal chances.

                                                              Work cited

Bridegam, Martha Ann. Unions and Labor Laws. New York: Chelsea House, 2010. Print.

Ethos, Logos and Pathos of Same Sex Marriage In the United States of America

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Ethos, Logos, and Pathos of Same-Sex Marriage In the United States of America

            The world is facing a huge debate concerning the same-sex marriage. The current wave of homosexuality and Lesbianism has not gone well with the society that has for many years prevailed under the heterosexual relationships. The United States of America and several other nations of the western world are at the forefront in fostering for the rights of the same-sex relationship. However, the world leading religions such as the Christianity and the Islamic among others are staying put on this debate by claiming that the same-sex marriage is against the will of God. The traditional society is also refusing to accept the right of the social members to engage in the same sex relationship, claiming that heterosexuality is the core reason for the continuity of the families and the society at large (Olson 76). Their argument is supported by the fact that children can only be born when a man have sex with a woman. Contrary to this argument, the supporters of the same-sex marriage are basing their argument on the scientific facts. According to scientists, it is not the will of individuals to engage in same-sex marriage. In this paper, we will consider this argument and how the writer applies logos, pathos, and ethos in a rhetorical analysis.

In this paper, the effectiveness of an argument shall be overviewed. This is based on a selected case on gay marriage entitled “The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage Why Same-Sex Marriage is an American value” by Theodore. Besides the components mentioned above, other aspects that shall be evaluated include the use of logos, pathos, and ethos. The strategy Theodore utilizes the various non-content tools to reinforce the argument and convince the reader shall be highlighted. The strengths and weaknesses shall also be put in the spotlight to bring out the effectiveness of his argument.

Ethos

            Ethos in an argument refers to the ethical appeal the presenter portrays to their audience. Various aspects of ethos can be drawn from the case presented by Theodore. In the second page, he highlights the motivation behind his presentation. Among them is the experience with persons with a different background, history, personal viewpoints and intrinsic characteristic. The author clearly points out his disapproval of what may be a violation of human rights as far as gay marriages are concerned based on the false perception of the constitution.

Ethos does not only refer to the moral values of the content of a presenter but also the reliability of an argument and its evidence basis. Respect to the audience and the parties involved as well count concerning ethos. The author establishes facts that even those refuting his argument would agree with. This is the fact that all human beings should enjoy the fundamental rights (Olson 79). Therefore, the persons who decide to establish a matrimonial relationship with another one of a similar gender should be allowed to enjoy their rights.

Logos

            Logos is a logic appeal that an argument should portray to the target persons. The author uses various tools such as Insight questions, facts and examples to enhance logic in his argument. An example of a logic statement he makes concerning gay marriages is equality for all men in the USA. He argues that having a different orientation in terms of sexuality should not be the basis on which persons who marry those of a similar gender rights violation should be based (Olson 76). This is even further reinforced by the author pointing out that marriage is held among the major fundamental human rights by the supreme court of America.

            The author accepts the fact that most religious organizations in the USA define marriage as a union between persons of different sex. However, he points out that gay marriage cannot be refuted only on the basis of religion only. Another fact that the author presents is that gay marriage does not in any way affect marriage between the heterosexual couples. In as far as procreation is concerned, this fact proves that no effect shall be felt if same gender persons are allowed to marry. He poses the question to his counterparts in the court, but they are not able to give effects of gay marriage on heterosexual marriages. This is a strong argument whose main aim is to provide logic against refusing gay marriages and not necessarily advocating for it.

Other entities he uses to approve benefits of gay marriage include economic, legal, cultural and social basis that should be utilized to promote this form of marital association. Theodore uses the question “what are the justification of California’s decision in Proposition 8 to withdraw access to the institution of marriage for some of its citizens on the basis of their sexual orientation?” He goes ahead to disapprove the unpersuasive reason based on the traditions indicating that if something has been done in a certain way does not mean it should remain the same.

Pathos

            To fortify the argument, Theodore applies passionate and emotional pleas in advocating for gay marriages, not so extensively but worth noting. As much as the topic is not an emotional one, Theodore tries to raise the reader’s sensations about seclusion of the persons in gay marriage. This is achieved by stimulating the reader’s instincts to love gays as anyone else in the community. “For a long time, gays and lesbians have lived among us… for a long time they have experienced discrimination and even persecution” this statements aggravate guilt within the reader of this article and to an extent make them change how they perceive gays and lesbians.

Theodore B. Olson presents an effective argument while advocating for the gay marriages. The reader can feel the attitude and tone of the argument that Theodore sets in this article. The components indicated have been extensively utilized to come up with a convincing article that captivates the reader’s attention (Olson 80). Since it is happening in a court of law, it is not so likely that the jury did not guarantee the couple in question consent for cohabitation. If at all the couple was denied, it is on the basis of other factors such as law, but not that the judge did not get convinced. As it stands, it is just the state approval that is withheld, but domestic partnership is allowed. This article indicates the significance of a good argument. At times, persons may be denied what is rightfully deserved for poor presentation of their argument. Whether verbal or written, an argument should be able to move people not necessarily by luring them but using logic, employing ethics and connecting emotionally. The audience should be in a position to draw a conclusion from the argument presented without coercion. Policy makers in different fields may require argument skills than any other persons as it is from the audience that they may learn how sound the policies are.

Works Cited

Theodore B. Olson. Conservative case for gay marriage: Why same sex marriage is an American value. 

Sociological Concept

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Q. 1. A concept

A concept is an agreed formula that scientifically explains an approach of doing things. Also, a concept explains the existence of a given behavior among a particular group of social beings. In this regard, a concept is a theory that is forwarded to explain the occurrence or the existence of a given phenomena.

Concepts can be derived and tested using various measures. A social concept can be used to find a solution to a problem affecting a particular group of the society.  To get this solution, the researchers need to formulate a hypothesis and state the objective. The purpose of the objective is to focus the research on the intended goals. The hypothesis is a description of the expected outcome. The outcome may be positive to the hypothesis or negative. A negative outcome is commonly referred to as the null hypothesis.

Q. 2. Example of a concept in a family area

A concept can be deduced from a unit of a society called a family. An example of such a concept could be a view of the need for education to their children. Hence, the objective of the concept could be; ‘to find out the percentage of income that families save for the purpose of educating their children’. Since education is a serious matter, we can formulate hypothesis such as the families save an average of 20% for the purpose of educating their children.

The next step will be to choose a sample from the population. The sample we choose should reflect the population; we are interested in the research.  Similar questions in a questionnaire will be given to them to answer. Their feedback will then be used in draw a conclusion on the trend of family expenditure on education.

What role were the American colonies supposed to play in the 17th century (the 1600s) English New World Empire? To what extent did they fulfill this role?

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What role were the American colonies supposed to play in the 17th century (the 1600s) English New World Empire? To what extent did they fulfill this role?

The American colonies were said to have played a very important role in the establishment and the development of the English, new world empire in the 17^th century. The colonies are argued to have made the English empire to more stable in terms of economic, military and political progress. The progressive conflict between the colonies led the emergency of the English empire as the prolific a commanding beneficiary of the American continent (Amussen 21).[1] Historians have suggested that the American colonies led to the opening up of the continent that made it easier for the English empire to take over the resources that highly benefited the empires rather than the colonies.

The military power was one of the English empire’s sources of strength against the rest of the European empires. The statement can be argued as correct by following the defeat of the Dutch in the New York, New Jersey and the Pennsylvania territories(Breedon 2).[2] The Dutch was the founder of these territories at the beginning of the 1630s. The Colony defeated the natives and ruled the region(Ormrod 39)[3] Although the Dutch authority was established in these territories, they did not take enough precaution to protect what they already had. During the reign of Charles II, John Cabot led his army to the war that led to the possession of the territory in 1497. The fight to possess the land from the Dutch ended in 1664. By that time, the Dutch forces were weak, and the English soldiers had a little task in defeating the former colony. Concerning this progress, it can be deduced that the English soldiers were stronger and efficient roll out their duties than their Dutch compatriots.

The difference in interest was another reason that made some colonies weak that the English empire, thereby, making the empire takes over what was not theirs. The French, Spain and the Dutch were among the early explorers of the Northern America. The region stretched all the way to the west of Canada. Among the explorers was Giovanni da Verrazano, who was sent by the French king, Francis in the 1520s (Millett 63).[4] The exploration included the spread of the Christianity to the natives living in the land. Therefore, the exploration led to the opening up of the region for the colonies. When the French settled in the territory, they created a conducive environment for other colonial powers to come and work together with them. One of the colonies that came into the play was the English Colony. The English was also involved in transforming the region in the same way as their predecessors. Thereafter, a conflict emerged over the management of the resources in the region (Parker, 2).[5] The Spanish silver in Peru and Mexico became the center of conflict between the two colonial powers. The two powers had agreed that there will be a certain percentage of the profit that will be re-invested back to the mines. However, only French honored the agreement as King of England used the wealth in stabilizing the sectors of his kingdom (Mooney 47).[6] When the French king realized that the English empire was playing games on the agreement, he decided to chase away their partners I the form of military attack. However, little did he know that English empire was well prepared for the war. The English empire had used the resources in equipping the army in special condition than the French counterpart (Prince 105).[7] They, therefore, dealt with the French army and took over the silver mines. The mines brought the English empire a great wealth on the faces of the rest of the Europe’s powerful kingdoms.

The American colonies played a big role in the growth of trade in the English Kingdom. Most of the colonies that were opened up became strategic points for the growth and the development of agriculture. The sector was made easier by the fact that there was a ready market for the products in England. Cheap labor was also available that ensured that the fields were easily and efficiently cultivated at a cheaper cost (Morgan, 3).[8] At this point, industrialization was taking place in England and the development was, therefore, vital. The finished products were also made available in the colonies in America (Parliament of Engaland 2).[9] To fully engage the colonies, the English emperor decided to establish some acts that would lead to the formation and protection of plantation areas in the north of America. The different colonies established the Act in their various houses, and the English emperor became assured of the flow of the raw materials (Mooney 52).[10] The textile industry was highly boosted by the Act as cotton and sisal were the most grown products in the plantations. However, the American colonies became agitated as the plantations were mainly held by the British tycoons and not the Americans. Hence, a sense of revolution would emerge as the natives wanted to be part of the business and establish their economy.

The colonies of America did not do everything that supported the development of the English emperor’s economy. Some of the measures that were taken negatively influenced their economy as a way leading to its development was cut off. One of the examples was the nullification of the slave trade. The British plantations in the American colonies heavily depended on the availability of cheaper labor (Smith 67).[11] The labor was easily gotten from the African continent at the era where slaves were traded at the market price. The slaves could not demand a pay as they were relied upon as a machine. They could be forced to work for a long time with only a little food. Hence, their labor meant more profit to the owners. No longer had the British field owners had accumulated a lot of benefits from the slaves that the slaves had started to demand their rights (Randoph 3).[12] Some of the colonies decided that they will give their support to the black slaves. The action led to a series of misunderstanding and conflicts that made it difficult for the British to continue enjoying the benefits of the plantation (Mooney 45).[13] The colonies, also, were demanding the right to own the plantations. The English empire decided to make friendship with some of the colonies. Hence, a division of the colonies emerged. When this happened, crises well known as the American civil war ensued (Wilson 125).[14] The crisis had a bad attribute to the English industries and the economy at large. The source of the raw materials for the textile industries declined, leading to declining commodities for the market. In this way, the colonies contributed to the decline in the growth of the English emperor.

                                                            Works Cited

Amussen, Susan Dwyer. Caribbean Exchanges Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640-1700. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina, 2007. Print.

Breedon, Thomas.  “Narrative and Deposition to His Majesty's Council for Foreign Plantations” (11 March 1661).

Millett, Stephen M. The Scottish Settlers of America the 17th and 18th Centuries. Baltimore: Clearfield :, 1998. Print.

Mooney

Morgan, Kenneth.  “Symbiosis: Trade and the British Empire”

Ormrod, David. The Rise of Commercial Empires : England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770. Cambridge [etc.: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print.

Parker, Matthew. "The Navigation Act"

Parliament of England, “The Navigation Act” (1660).

Prince, Tracy J. Culture Wars in British Literature: Multiculturalism and National Identity. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2012. Print.

Randolph, Edward. “An Answer to Several Heads of Enquiry Concerning the Present state of New England” (12 October 1676).

Smith, John. Administering Empire: The British Colonial Service in Retrospect. London: U of London, 1999. Print.

Wilson, Kathleen. A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print.

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[1] Amussen, Susan Dwyer. Caribbean Exchanges Slavery and the Transformation of English Society, 1640-1700. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina, 2007. Print. 21.

[2] Breedon, Thomas. “Narrative and Deposition to His Majesty's Council for Foreign Plantations” (11 March 1661), 2.

[3] Ormrod, David. The Rise of Commercial Empires : England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1770. Cambridge [etc.: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. 39.

[4] Millett, Stephen M. The Scottish Settlers of America the 17th and 18th Centuries. Baltimore: Clearfield :, 1998. Print. 63.

[5] Parker, Matthew. "The Navigation Act", 2.

[6] Mooney, 47.

[7] Prince, Tracy J. Culture Wars in British Literature: Multiculturalism and National Identity. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2012. Print. 105

[8] Morgan, Kenneth.  “Symbiosis: Trade and the British Empire”, 3

[9] Parliament of England, “The Navigation Act” (1660), 2

[10] Mooney, 52.

[11] Smith, John. Administering Empire: The British Colonial Service in Retrospect. London: U of London, 1999. Print. 67

[12] Randolph, Edward. “An Answer to Several Heads of Enquiry Concerning the Present state of New England” (12 October 1676), 3.

[13] Mooney, 45.

[14] Wilson, Kathleen. A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660-1840. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. 125

The Mexican Country

                                                   

Mexico is a North American country bordered by the United States of America to the north. The federal republic of Mexico has a population of about 120million people with 31 states, making it 11th most populated nations globally. It ranks among the most economically developed nations globally. Mexico is an oil producing country ranking 10th largest producer globally and the largest producer of silver overall. On the political front, Mexico was a one-party rule nation from the year 1929 to 2000. Currently, the Party of the Democratic Revolution, National Action Party, and an institutional revolutionary party dominate in Mexico. The president is both the head of state and the government affairs in Mexico.

The cabinet secretaries advise the president on executive roles, they are independent of the legislature. The judiciary independently fulfills the judicial roles. The main religion in Mexico is Roman Catholic that was introduced by the Spanish colony. The natives observe religious holidays such as Christmas and Guadalupe day (Kirkwood, 27). Not only did they introduce this culture, but also the Spanish language. However, there are over 60 native languages spoken in Mexico.

The Mexican flag was embraced in the year 1968. However, its history goes 600 years way back from 1968. It has three vertical stripes, green, white and red. The court-of-arm is located at the center and so is the white stripe. These stripes symbolize different aspects of the ancient Mexican people. The green is a symbol of independence; white symbolizes purity built upon the Roman Catholic faith and red is the bloodshed in the quest for independence (Anonymous, 1). The court-of-arm was adopted by the Aztec, who were supposed to establish their settlement site by finding an eagle perched on a cactus. The Mexican flag like most others is a symbol of unity and patriotism.

  

                                                        Works Cited

Anonymous, (2013). Mexican Flag. Retrieved 11th September 2015;             http://www.mapsofworld.com/flags/mexico-flag.html

Kirkwood, Burton. The History of Mexico. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000. Print.

How Mongols left a deep and lasting imprint on Russian civilization

                             How Mongols left a deep and lasting imprint on Russian civilization

Mongol is an ethnic tribe that is found in most of the nations of the central Asia including China and Russia. Their native nation is Mongolia but have a lot of influence on other nation they occupy due to their rich culture and huge population. In Russia, the Mongols had a lot of influence, especially during the civilization period. The paper is designed to discuss the deep and lasting imprints that were left by the Mongols on Russian civilization.

                                               Russian Divided

The Mongols brought about the unity of the Russian people in the civilized period. When the Mongol entered Russia, the Russians were divided and could not act in one voice. There are some who claimed that they wanted to be independent of the western influence while others remained adamant that the western take over on their culture was not an issue. When the Mongols entered into the Russian country, they did not settle among the people but preferred to live in the highlands where the land was fertile. The fertility of the land was the main cause of influence to the Russia as they conquered their food market. According to Thompson, the Mongol ruled the Russian lands in this fashion for about 140 years (Thompson 35)It was at this stage that the Russian princess united the forces against the Mongols. During the battle, the Russian overcame the Mongols. The Russians realized the benefits of working in unity. Up-to-date, Russia remains the most united nation over their enemies.

                                       The Orthodox Church

The Mongol transformed the Russians during the civilization period when they invaded them in the name of ‘ punishment from God’.  Most of the Russians believers were from the Orthodox Church and believed that God could punish them because of their sins through a calamity. The pre-civilized Russians believed under this naivety and, therefore, the Mongolians could often attack them in the name that they have been sent by God to punish the Russians. According to Figes, the religious contest was far more fundamental to the Russian empire (Figes 377). The Russians could not defend themselves since the calamity was caused by a deity. The Mongols were using this lie to benefit their traders who were taking goods at a cheaper cost or for free from Russia and sold them somewhere else. When the Russian came to their senses, they came to know that the Mongols were capitalizing on their uncivilized ways of life. By this time, the majority of the Russians had been killed or taken as slaves. The number included parents, children and officers from the kingdom. They learned their lesson in a painful way that they still remember in their civilized generations.

                                                                    Art

Art is one of the best ways through which a society can express their culture to the world. The pre-civilized Russia was very dedicated to Christianity. Therefore, the much of the art was dedicated to the church. However, the Mongols invasion declined the Russians expression of culture via the art. It was in the late 1300s did the Russians began to paint after confronting the Mongols. During this time, the painting in the church areas began to flouring again like in the past. Figes illustrate that it is in its defining myth that Russia had evolved as a Christian civilization (Figes 364). This explains the central role that Art played in Russian Christian civilization.